We have all heard the saying "cleanliness is next to godliness" and as more awareness and priority is given towards maintaining good hygiene, both on our person and in our homes, some things may remain unheard of and as such a surprise. Today we will uncover the truth behind the chemicals used in some of our detergents and what these mean to our health.

As scientific research continues to progress, alarming evidence has emerged regarding the potential health risks associated with certain common cleaning chemicals. In particular, recent studies have raised concerns about the increased risk of developing Parkinson's disease as a result of prolonged exposure to specific detergent chemicals. Thus, some chemicals are particularly harmful to our nervous system.

Which chemicals are harmful?

• Organophosphates: Organophosphates are a class of neurologically toxic chemicals commonly found in insecticides and some detergents. These chemicals work by inhibiting an enzyme called acetylcholinesterase, which is responsible for breaking down a neurotransmitter called acetylcholine. By interfering with the normal function of acetylcholinesterase, organophosphates disrupt the balance of acetylcholine in the nervous system, leading to neurotoxic effects.
• Solvents: Certain solvents, such as benzene and toluene, are neurologically toxic and can be found in some detergent formulations. Solvents are used to dissolve or suspend other chemicals in cleaning products. Prolonged exposure to these solvents through inhalation or skin contact can result in neurotoxicity, affecting the central nervous system and causing symptoms such as headaches, dizziness and even more severe neurological disorders.
• Heavy metals: Some detergents may contain heavy metals like lead, mercury and cadmium, which are highly toxic to the nervous system. These metals can accumulate in the body over time and interfere with the normal functioning of neurons, leading to neurodevelopmental disorders, cognitive impairment and neurodegenerative diseases.
• Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs): PCBs are a group of industrial chemicals that were widely used in electrical equipment, plastics and detergents until their ban in the late 1970s. However, their persistence in the environment still poses risks. PCBs have been linked to neurotoxicity, affecting cognitive function, behaviour and motor skills. While they are no longer intentionally added to detergents, traces of PCBs may still be present in some products due to environmental contamination.
• Bisphenol A (BPA): BPA is a chemical used in the production of certain plastics and resins, including some detergent containers. Research suggests that BPA exposure may contribute to neurological disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), learning disabilities and impaired cognitive function. The exact mechanisms through which BPA affects the nervous system are still being investigated but may involve hormone disruption and interference with neurotransmitter signalling.
• Perfluorinated Chemicals (PFCs): PFCs are a group of chemicals used in stain-resistant coatings and water-repellent treatments. They can be found in some detergents and other household products. PFC exposure has been associated with neurological effects, including developmental delays, decreased IQ and attention deficits in children. The mechanisms behind PFC-induced neurotoxicity are not fully understood but may involve disruption of neuronal growth and synaptic function.
• Triclosan: Triclosan is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent widely used in various cleaning products, including soaps, detergents and hand sanitisers. While it effectively kills bacteria, its long-term use has been associated with several adverse health effects. Recent research has shown a correlation between triclosan exposure and an increased risk of developing Parkinson's disease. The exact mechanism by which triclosan affects the brain is not yet fully understood, but it is believed to disrupt certain neurological pathways, leading to the onset of neurodegenerative disorders.
• Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (QACs): QACs, commonly found in disinfectant wipes, fabric softeners and laundry detergents, are another group of chemicals under scrutiny. Research has indicated that prolonged exposure to QACs may contribute to an increased risk of developing asthma, respiratory issues and skin irritations. These compounds have also been linked to potential disruptions in the endocrine system, affecting hormone balance within the body.
• Phthalates: Phthalates are a group of chemicals used to enhance the flexibility and durability of plastics. They can be found in various cleaning agents, including detergents and air fresheners. Studies have shown that exposure to phthalates may lead to adverse effects on reproductive health, including reduced fertility, hormonal imbalances and developmental abnormalities in infants. Moreover, emerging evidence suggests that phthalate exposure may contribute to neurological disorders, such as Parkinson's disease.

How do these chemicals' actions cause harm?

Although the precise physiological mechanisms through which these detergent chemicals cause health problems are still being investigated, the following are some possible hypotheses that have been brought forward:

-        Oxidative Stress: Many detergent chemicals, including triclosan and QACs, have been found to generate oxidative stress within the body. Oxidative stress occurs when there is an imbalance between the production of free radicals and the body's ability to neutralise them. This imbalance can lead to damage to cellular structures, including proteins, lipids and DNA. Over time, chronic oxidative stress may contribute to the development of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease.

-        Disruption of Neurotransmitter Function: Certain detergent chemicals, including phthalates, have the potential to interfere with neurotransmitter function in the brain. Neurotransmitters are essential chemical messengers responsible for communication between nerve cells. Disruptions in neurotransmitter systems, particularly those involved in dopamine regulation, have been linked to the development of Parkinson's disease. The exact mechanisms by which detergent chemicals affect neurotransmitters are still being investigated but may involve interference with the production, release or reuptake of these crucial molecules.

-        Endocrine interference: Chemicals like BPA can act as endocrine disruptors, mimicking or blocking the action of natural hormones in the body. This interference with hormone signalling can have far-reaching effects on the developing brain and nervous system, potentially leading to neurodevelopmental disorders.

What is their impact on health?

Exposure to neurologically toxic chemicals in detergents can lead to a range of health risks and diseases like:

1.               Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Prenatal or early-life exposure to these chemicals has been associated with neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and cognitive impairments in children.

2.               Neurodegenerative Diseases: Long-term exposure to certain neurologically toxic chemicals has been linked to an increased risk of neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).

What can we do?

• Choose safer detergents: Read labels carefully and choose detergents that are free from neurologically toxic chemicals. Look for products labelled PCB-free, BPA-free and PFC-free. Opt for brands that prioritise safer ingredients and transparency too.
• Minimise plastic use: Reduce exposure to BPA by minimising the use of plastic containers for detergents and opting for alternatives such as glass or stainless-steel containers. One may also consider using natural alternatives for cleaning, such as vinegar, baking soda, lemon juice or essential oils. These options aren't only effective but environmentally friendly and safer for human health.
• Support research and advocacy: Support organisations and initiatives dedicated to researching the impact of chemicals on neurological health. Advocate for stricter regulations and better labelling practices to ensure consumer safety.
• Proper storage and disposal: Store detergents safely away from children and pets and follow proper disposal guidelines. This helps minimise the risk of accidental exposure and environmental contamination.
• Ventilation and protective measures: Ensure adequate ventilation while using detergents containing potentially toxic chemicals. Wear protective gear like gloves and masks to reduce skin contact and inhalation of harmful fumes.
• Regular handwashing: After using cleaning products, it is crucial to thoroughly wash your hands with soap and water. This simple practice helps remove any residual chemicals from the skin, reducing the risk of accidental ingestion or absorption.

A final word

While cleanliness is vital for our well-being, it is equally essential to be aware of the potential health risks associated with certain detergent chemicals. Triclosan, QACs, phthalates and other chemicals have been implicated in various health problems, including an increased risk of developing neurological disorders as depicted earlier. Understanding the mechanisms behind these risks and adopting safer cleaning practices can help mitigate the potential harm to our health. By making informed choices and taking necessary precautions, we can maintain a clean and healthy environment for ourselves and our loved ones.

Renald Blundell is a biochemist and biotechnologist with a special interest in Natural and Alternative Medicine. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta

Emma Camilleri is currently a medical student at the University of Malta