Last October, many of you may have attended a breast cancer awareness event, a fundraiser or noticed that several government buildings around the island were illuminated in pink, shining as beacons of hope and solidarity with those affected by breast cancer.

Awareness campaigns like these play an important role in reminding us to perform self- checks and book our routine screening tests. Early detection can make all the difference.

However, I would like to take a moment to address some common misconceptions about the hereditary nature of cancer - an obscure area that often causes confusion and unnecessary worry.

Misconception #1: 'Cancer cannot be hereditary'

This is one of the most common misunderstandings I encounter in my daily work as a Genomic Care coordinator (internationally referred to as a Genetic Counsellor).

In reality, around 5 to 10% of all cancers are hereditary, caused by genetic changes (mutations) in our DNA that can be passed down from one generation to another.

The remaining 90-95% of cancers are sporadic, which means that they occur due to a combination of aging, environmental influences, and lifestyle factors such as smoking, diet, or sun exposure.

Misconception #2: 'Cancer skips a generation in my family'

This is a very popular, but inaccurate belief. Sometimes it may seem as if cancer has "skipped" a generation, but there are often other explanations. For example, a family member may have passed away from another cause before cancer developed or a cancer diagnosis simply has not occurred yet in that generation.

Moreover, even when a hereditary genetic change is present, it does not mean cancer is inevitable. It means that the risk of developing cancer is higher. This risk can often be managed through increased screening, preventive strategies, and healthier lifestyle choices.

Misconception #3: 'Breast cancer only affects women'

While breast cancer is far more common in women, men can also develop breast cancer, especially in families where a genetic change such as a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation has been identified.

If you are a man with a strong family history of breast or ovarian cancer, or if you notice a lump, pain, or changes to the nipple, do not ignore these signs. Speak with your GP for further evaluation.

Misconception #4: 'There's no point in screening - I will get cancer just like my relatives did'

It is understandable to feel hopeless if several family members have been diagnosed and passed away from cancer. But it is important to remember that each person's story is unique. Screening programmes are designed to detect cancer early, often before symptoms appear. Many people are diagnosed at stage 1 or 2 through routine screening and go on to receive successful treatment.

Furthermore, cancer treatments have advanced significantly in recent years. Even if your relatives faced limited options in the past, today's therapies, including targeted treatments and immunotherapies, offer much more hope and flexibility in care.

Misconception #5: 'A genetic test can tell me whether I will definitely get cancer'

Genetic testing does not predict your future with certainty. Instead, it helps identify whether you carry a genetic change that increases your risk of developing certain cancers.

If such a change is found, genomic care coordinators can recommend personalised screening plans and risk-reducing strategies to help you make informed decisions about your health.

Misconception #6: 'Genetic testing can tell me if I already have cancer'

Genetic testing does not detect existing cancers. It is not a snapshot of your current health but rather an analysis of your DNA to see whether you carry a genetic predisposition to certain cancers.

Unlike other medical tests, your genetic results do not change over time - a genetic change, if present, remains constant throughout life.

Making an informed choice

Deciding whether to have genetic testing is a very personal decision. It is not only about science, but it is also about how people feel, what they value, and family dynamics.

As a Genomic Care coordinator, part of my role is to help individuals and their families understand what these tests mean; so they can make an informed decision that feels right for them.

Awareness, knowledge, and open discussions about cancer and screening are our best tools for prevention and early detection.

Should you have any questions or comments in relation to this article, visit www.ggcam.org or contact us on [email protected].

Genetic and Genomic Counselling Association Malta are full members of Malta Health Network www.maltahealthnetwork.org.

Claire Grima is a Board member of the

Genetic and Genomic Counselling Association Malta (GGCAM)